Hollywood Sign
| The Hollywood Sign |
The Hollywood Sign as it appears today |
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| General information |
| Location |
Hollywood, Los Angeles |
| Country |
United States |
| Coordinates |
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| Construction started |
1923 |
| Completed |
1923 |
| Renovated |
rebuilt October 1978 |
| Demolished |
August 1978 |
| Technical details |
| Structural system |
Wood and sheet metal (1923–1978)
Steel (1978–present) |
| Size |
45 ft (13.7 m) tall, 350 ft (106.7 m) long
Original: 50 ft (15.2 m) tall |
| Design and construction |
| Client |
Woodruff and Shoults (Hollywoodland) |
| Architect |
Thomas Fisk Goff |
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| Designated: |
February 7, 1973 |
| Reference #: |
111 |
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The Hollywood Sign is a landmark and American cultural icon in the Hollywood Hills area of Mount Lee, Santa Monica Mountains, in Los Angeles, California. The sign spells out the name of the area in 45-foot-tall (14 m)[1] and 350-foot-long (110 m) white letters. It was created as an advertisement in 1923, but garnered increasing recognition after the sign was left up.[2] The sign was a frequent target of pranks and vandalism but has since undergone restoration, including a security system to deter vandalism. The sign is protected and promoted by the Hollywood Sign Trust, a nonprofit organization.
From the ground, the contours of the hills give the sign its "wavy" appearance, as reflected in the Hollywood Video logo, for example. When observed at a comparable altitude, as in the photo shown here, the letters appear nearly level.
The sign makes frequent appearances in popular culture, particularly in establishing shots for films and television programs set in or around Hollywood, furnished the title for the film The Hollywood Sign,[3] and appears in the background of the current CGI fanfare logo of 20th Century Fox. Signs of similar style, but spelling different words, are frequently seen as parodies.
History
The sign was first erected in 1923 and originally read "HOLLYWOODLAND". Its purpose was to advertise the name of a new housing development in the hills above the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. H.J. Whitley had already used a sign to advertise his development Whitley Heights, which was located between Highland Avenue and Vine Avenue. He suggested to his friend Harry Chandler, the owner of the Los Angeles Times newspaper, that the land syndicate in which he was involved make a similar sign to advertise their land.[4] Real estate developers Woodruff and Shoults called their development "Hollywoodland" and advertised it as a "superb environment without excessive cost on the Hollywood side of the hills".[5]
They contracted the Crescent Sign Company to erect thirteen letters on the hillside, each facing south. The sign company owner, Thomas Fisk Goff (1890–1984) designed the sign. Each letter of the sign was 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and 50 feet (15 m) high, and the whole sign was studded with some 4,000 light bulbs. The sign was officially dedicated on July 13, 1923. It was not intended to be permanent. Restoration company Bay Cal Painting says on its website that the expected life was to be about a year and a half, but after the rise of the American cinema in Los Angeles it became an internationally recognized symbol, and was left there.
In September 1932 the body of Broadway actress Peg Entwistle was found in a ravine below the sign. She had been living at her uncle's house in Beachwood Canyon. A suicide note was found in a purse anonymously dropped off at the Hollywood police station. Police surmised Entwistle jumped to her death from the letter H.[6]
Deterioration
Over the course of more than half a century, the sign, designed to stand only 18 months, sustained a wide array of damage and deterioration.
During the early 1940s, Albert Kothe (the sign's official caretaker) caused an accident that destroyed the letter H,[7] as seen in many historical pictures. Kothe, driving while inebriated, was nearing the top of Mount Lee when he lost control of his vehicle and drove off the cliff behind the H. While Kothe was not injured, the 1928 Ford Model A was destroyed, as was the letter.
In 1949 the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce began a contract with the City of Los Angeles Parks Department to repair and rebuild the sign. The contract stipulated that "LAND" be removed to spell "Hollywood" and reflect the district, not the "Hollywoodland" housing development.[8] The Parks Department dictated that all subsequent illumination would be at the cost of the Chamber, so the Chamber opted not to replace the light bulbs. The 1949 effort gave it new life, but the sign's unprotected wood and sheet metal structure continued to deteriorate. Eventually the first O splintered and broke, resembling a lowercase u, and the third O fell down completely, leaving the severely dilapidated sign reading "HuLLYWO D".
Restoration
In 1978, in large part because of the public campaign to restore the landmark by shock rocker Alice Cooper (who donated the missing O), the Chamber set out to replace the intensely deteriorated sign with a more permanent structure. Nine donors gave US$27,700 each (totaling US$249,300) to sponsor replacement letters made of steel, guaranteed to last for many years (see Donors section below).
The new letters were 45 feet (14 m) tall and ranged from 31 to 39 feet (9.4 to 12 m) wide. The new version of the sign was unveiled on Hollywood's 75th anniversary, November 14, 1978, before a live television audience of 60 million people.
Refurbishment, donated by Bay Cal Commercial Painting,[9] began again in November 2005, as workers stripped the letters back to their metal base and repainted them white. Also in 2005, the original 1923 sign was put up for sale on eBay by producer/entrepreneur Dan Bliss.[10] Bliss sold the sign to artist Bill Mack.
Donors
Following the 1978 public campaign to restore the sign, the following nine donors gave $27,777 each (which totaled $250,000):
Location
The sign is located on the southern side of Mount Lee in Griffith Park, north of the Mulholland Highway.
The sign is located on rough, steep terrain, and is encompassed by barriers to prevent unauthorized access. In 2000, the Los Angeles Police Department installed a security system featuring motion detection and closed-circuit cameras. Any movement in the marked restricted areas triggers an alarm that notifies the police.[11]
- Elevation 1,578 feet (481 m)
Surrounding land
Land in the vicinity of the sign was purchased by Howard Hughes in 1940, who had planned to build a hilltop mansion at Cahuenga Peak for actress Ginger Rogers. Before long Rogers broke up their engagement and the lot remained empty. Hughes Estate sold the property which lies to the left and above the sign for $1.7 million in 2002 to Fox River Financial Resources, a Chicago developer, who were interested in building luxury mansions along the ridgeline.[12] They put the property on the market in 2008 for $22 million. As a result, the City of Los Angeles considered buying it, possibly by raising money from celebrities as was done for the 1978 restoration.[13]
Environmentalists and preservationists were concerned about the possibility of real estate development in the area. In April 2009 The Trust for Public Land (TPL) signed an option to buy the 138 acres (0.56 km2) property for a discounted price of $12.5 million. On February 11, 2010, as part of a campaign to help raise money the organization, with the full blessing of both the city and the Hollywood Sign Trust, covered the sign with a large banner reading "SAVE THE PEAK".[12][14] By April 26, The Trust for Public Land announced it had raised enough money, with Playboy magazine founder Hugh Hefner stepping forward to donate the final $900,000.[15][16] Hefner later gave an additional $100,000 donation. After the purchase the parcel became part of the nearby Griffith Park as an extension.[17]
Alterations
It is illegal to make unauthorized physical alterations to the sign. Although the city has occasionally allowed it in the past for commercial purposes, current policy does not permit changes to be made. This is largely due to neighborhood opposition and to past accidents. However, the sign has been unofficially altered a number of times, often eliciting a great deal of attention. Among the more famous modifications:
- HOLLYWeeD – January 1976, following the passage of a state law decriminalizing marijuana.[18]
- HOLYWOOD – April 1977, for Easter sunrise service, viewable from the Hollywood Bowl.[18]
- HOL YWOOD – 1978 the second L was covered for Pope John Paul II when he visited.[19]
- "GO NAVY" December 1983, when a group of Midshipmen, with permission, covered the sign for the ARMY-NAVY football game's first and only West Coast appearance (D. Weiss, USNA'85/instigator & PM) .[20]
- FOX – April 1987, for the promotion of the network.
- CALTECH – May 1987, on Hollywood's centennial (of its incorporation as a municipality), also one of Caltech's many senior pranks[21]
- OLLYWOOD – July 1987, during the Iran-Contra hearings.[18]
- April 1991 in celebration of the end of the Gulf War a Yellow Ribbon was tied around the sign. This act was also a supporting player to the Hollywood Salutes Gulf Veterans Celebrations (D. Weiss, USNA'85/instigator & PM)
- As part of a promotion for the 1992 film Cool World, a 75-foot (23 m)-tall cutout of the film's main character Holli Would was installed, appearing to sit on the sign. The alteration angered local residents,[22][23] saying the cartoon character was "appaling", and an insult to women.[24]
- OIL WAR – 1991, for the Gulf War.[18]
- PerotWood-1992, to support Ross Perot and his presidential campaign.
- GO UCLA – 1993, for the annual UCLA-USC football game. Twenty members of UCLA's Theta Chi fraternity achieved the prank, and were subsequently charged with trespassing. This incident prompted the 1994 installation of a $100,000 security system featuring video surveillance and motion detection.
- SAVE THE PEAK – February 11, 2010, the original letters were covered with a large banner reading "SAVE THE PEAK", part of a campaign by The Trust for Public Land to protect the land around the Hollywood Sign from real estate development (see above). As setup progressed, other variations such as "SALLYWOOD" and "SAVETHEPOOD" gained some notoriety.[14]
- JOLLYGOOD for an airline and RAFFEYSOD for an obscure rock band – 1990 and 2000.[20]
Imitations
Other areas
Other cities have imitated the sign in some way.
- Macduff, in the North east of Scotland has a sign and a Facebook page
- A "Hollinwood" sign was erected in Hollinwood, which is near Manchester in the United Kingdom, to celebrate the city's twinning with Los Angeles. The sign was erected during the night and then taken down by the Highways Agency, as the sign was considered a distraction.[27]
- In March 2010, it was announced that the Wellington Airport in New Zealand would erect a WELLYWOOD sign on the hillside of the Miramar Peninsula. This was to reflect the film-making community in Wellington, notably Weta Digital which produced effects for Lord of the Rings, King Kong and Avatar. Wellington mayor Kerry Prendergast felt confident in proceeding with the production of the sign, having been given the blessing of Weta's Sir Peter Jackson and Richard Taylor, but the proposed sign's widespread unpopularity with local residents has persuaded the airport staff to consider alternative ideas.[28]
- Basildon, in Essex, England, erected its own 'Hollywood' style sign in March 2010. It is on a hill near the turnoff for Basildon on the A127. It stands at 5 ft (1.5 m) high and is part of a £400,000 project to spruce up the town. The Festival Leisure Park in Basildon is also sometimes referred to as Bas Vegas due to its nightclubs, hotels and restaurants, although there are no casinos.
- In 2010 Paddy Power, a large Irish betting company, erected a 270 ft (82 m) wide and 50 ft (15 m) high 'Hollywood' style sign reading "Paddy Power" on Cleeve Hill, in the regency town of Cheltenham, as part of a publicity campaign for Cheltenham Festival. It became the world's largest free-standing sign of its kind.[29]
- The town of Bowen in Queensland, Australia, erected a Bowenwood sign on a hill near the centre of the town. This was to celebrate the town's being a major filming location for the film Australia (2008), directed by Baz Luhrmann.
- The neighborhood of Caurimare, in southeast Caracas, has a Caurimare sign.[30]
- In September 2010 The Faraya village in Lebanon known for its Ski slopes and ecological summer activities attracts tourists year round erected a sign spelling FARAYA on a mountain. The sign took its inspiration from the Hollywood sign and was made by the actual Faraya villagers as a tribute to their village.
- In the locality of Hammarstrand in northern Sweden there is a Hammarstrand sign, erected in 2007 as part of a television show.
- The Paris Métro's Bonne Nouvelle station features signage fashioned similar to the Hollywood Sign, in tribute to the neighborhood's contribution to the cinematic and theatrical arts.
- Entertainer Dolly Parton has many times cited the Hollywood Sign as the impetus behind her own Dollywood theme park, telling Spin Magazine in 1986, "When I first saw the Hollywood sign, I thought, how wonderful would it be if I could change the 'H' to a 'D' for the day."[31]
Use in popular culture
The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce claims trademark rights over the sign's image and demands license fees for commercial use.[32] In several films and television shows, the Hollywood Sign is seen getting damaged or destroyed from the events of a particular scene. It is an example of national landmarks being destroyed, a common feature seen in many disaster movies to increase the drama and excitement. Examples include:
- In System of a Down's 2001 album Toxicity, the album art shows the band name imitating the sign.
- In Heroes, Claire Bennett jumps off the famous sign in an attempt to showcase her power to boyfriend West.
- In Shrek 2, Shrek the Third, and Shrek Forever After a parody version of the Hollywood sign is used in scenes showing the sign saying Far Far Away due to the fact the story takes place in a kingdom namesake after the sign, Far Far Away.
- On the 20th Century Fox 1994 ident, the Hollywood sign can be seen in the background.
- In advertisements for Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List and the Season 1 DVD cover, Griffin is shown hanging off the D of the sign.
- In Earthquake, a landslide causes the sign to topple down letter-by-letter during a megathrust earthquake.
- In The Day After Tomorrow film, a tornado is seen destroying the sign
- In 10.5: Apocalypse, the sign is seen collapsing in the 10.5 earthquake.[33]
- In 1941, a Japanese submarine attempting to attack Los Angeles after Pearl Harbor spots the sign, to the delight of the crew, who then use it as a navigation aid to target the city.
- In Austin Powers: Goldmember, Dr. Evil's lair is behind the Hollywood Sign.
- In The Rocketeer, the villain crashes the rocket pack into the "LAND" part of the sign, changing it to "HOLLYWOOD".
- In Beyond the Valley of the Dolls there is a quick showing of a dirty Hollywood sign during a Hollywood montage.[34]
- In Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, the entrance to the underworld is behind the Hollywood sign.
- In Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks talk behind the Hollywoodland sign.
- In Demolition Man, an aerial shot during the opening sequence shows the Hollywood Sign in flames.
- In The Couch Trip, Walter Matthau, playing a suicidal panhandler, climbs to the top of the Hollywood sign.
- In Career Opportunities, at the end of the film, Jim Dodge (played by Frank Whaley) sees the sign as JIMWOOD in his fantasies.
- In Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, the Hollywood sign reads Wasteland.
- In Mel Brooks' Robin Hood: Men in Tights, a parody of the sign exists that says ENGLAND.
- In The Hollywood Sign; three men find the corpse of another man who was murdered and hidden in the grass, right next to the Hollywood sign.
- In The Simpsons, a parody version of the sign exists in Springfield.
- In Life After People: The Series, in the episode "The Capitol Threat" the sign is seen being damaged by forest fire and later collapsing due to lack of maintenance.
- In several episodes of the television series Ellen, the character of Ellen Mogan (played by Ellen DeGeneres) can be seen sitting in a letter of the Hollywood Sign.
- In Beverly Hills, 90210, in the episode "Commencement" new graduates cover the sign to say W BEV HI 93, as a lasting legacy of their time.
- In Starstruck, Christopher Wilde and Jessica Olson take photos of themselves in front of the sign.
- In The Runaways, Joan and Cherie are seen drinking around the derelict Hollywood sign as it appeared in the mid-1970s.[35]
- In Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, there is a VINEWOOD sign prominently featured on the Vinewood Hills, closely mirroring the Hollywood sign. Similarly, in Grand Theft Auto V, there is also a VINEWOOD sign present in the fictional city of Los Santos, based on modern-day Los Angeles.
- In 90210, Jasper attempts suicide by jumping off the Hollywood sign in "Sweaty Palms and Weak Knees"
- In British TV series Hustle, the team of con artists sell the sign to a crooked businessman for half a million dollars by posing as representatives of the "Hollywood Sign Commission", loosely based on the Sign Trust.
- In a special USA-themed episode of Screenwipe in 2006, host Charlie Brooker made a point to obscure the sign with a hand-held approximation rather than pay the fee to show it on television, noting that it cost nothing to call the copyright owners "a bunch of money-grubbing bastards".
- In the video game California Games, the sign is shown in the background during the half-pipe event, and as one of the game's easter eggs the letter H sometimes falls down as the result of an earthquake.
- The album 1234 by Ron Wood of the Rolling Stones shows Wood riding a camel. The Hollywood sign, or an approximation of it, is in the distance and Wood is blocking part of it so that it simply reads "Wood"
- Early in the film Xanadu, one of the muses is seen running by the sign, illuminating each letter as she passes it, in Vanna White style.
- In the video game L.A. Noire, the sign is shown as "HOLLYWOODLAND", accurately portraying the real sign as it would have been seen in 1947.
- In the film Friends with Benefits, stars Justin Timberlake and Mila Kunis can be seen in and around the sign being chased by police.
- In 2010, pop singer Kesha released a hoax video apparently showing her and her friends vandalising the sign to read "KE$HAWOOD".
- In Wizards of Waverly Place, the exclusive angel club is hidden inside the 'H' of the Hollywood sign.
See also
References
- ^ Renée Montagne (October 28, 2002). "The Hollywood Sign". Present at the Creation. National Public Radio Crime Library. http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/hollywoodsign/index.html. Retrieved September 20, 2006.
- ^ Hollywood Sign Trust (May 19, 2005). "The Hollywood Sign" (PDF). A Beat-by-Beat Plotline. Hollywood Sign Trust. http://www.hollywoodsign.org/pdf/HOLLYWOOD%20PLOTLINE.pdf. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
- ^ The Hollywood Sign at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ The Father of Hollywood by Gaelyn Keith (2006)
- ^ Williams, Gregory. "The Story of Hollywoodland". Beachwood Canyon Neighborhood Association. http://www.beachwoodcanyon.org/HISTORY.htm. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^ "Suicide Laid To Film Jinx". Los Angeles Times: pp. A1. September 20, 1932.
- ^ Long, Raphael F. (Summer 2006). "Tommy Lee and the Hollywoodland Sign". Beachwood Voice 9 (2): 10–11. http://www.beachwoodvoice.com/zzArchive/Summer%2006/Page_10_Tuesday___Final.pdf. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ "The Hollywood Sign, Present at the Creation". NPR. October 28, 2002. http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/hollywoodsign/index.html.
- ^ "Hollywood Sign Restoration Project 2005". Bay Cal Painting. http://www.baycal.com/hsrp/index.html. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ Jessica Seid (November 17, 2005). "Buy a piece of HOLLYWOOD". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2005/11/17/news/newsmakers/hollywood_sign.
- ^ "Hollywood Sign". Hollywood Sign Trust. August 2, 2009. http://www.hollywoodsign.org/signsecurity.html. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ a b "Preservation campaigners cover Hollywood sign". KABC-TV. February 11, 2010. http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/local/los_angeles&id=7272149. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
- ^ "Chicago investors' sale puts famous Hollywood sign in jeopardy, residents say". Chicago Sun-Times. Associated Press. April 17, 2008. http://www.suntimes.com/news/nation/900498,hollywood041708.article. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
- ^ a b "Behind the Sign: The Great Cover-Up". Save Cahuenga Peak. February 2010. http://www.savehollywoodland.org/homepage/pictures-of-the-hollywood-sign-during-the-wrapping/.
- ^ "Hugh Hefner is Final Donor, Land Around Hollywood Sign Saved". Save Cahuenga Peak. The Trust for Public Land. April 26, 2010. http://www.savehollywoodland.org/homepage/hugh-hefner-is-final-donor-land-around-hollywood-sign-saved/. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Archived version April 27, 2010
- ^ "Original Benefactor Hugh Hefner Returns as Final Donor to Save Land Surrounding Hollywood Sign". Hollywood Sign Trust, Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, and City of Los Angeles. April 26, 2010. http://www.hollywoodsign.org/savethepeak.html. Retrieved April 27, 2010. Archived version April 27, 2010
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b c d Nelson, Valerie J. (January 28, 2009). "Danny Finegood, who found fame with "Hollyweed" stunt, dies at age 52". The Seattle Times. http://hightimes.com/news/dan/3790. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ . London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2004/jun/11/.
- ^ a b Los Angeles Times (September 22, 1990). "Hollywood Sign Gets New Look—Briefly". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-22/local/me-655_1_hollywood-sign. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
- ^ Laura Fitzpatrick (November 2008). "Nerd Humor Meets California Landmark". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1839579_1839578_1839531,00.html. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ Schoch, Deborah (July 6, 1992). "Hollywood Residents Can't Shroud Anger Promotion: Paramount Pictures defends attaching a movie cartoon character to the famous sign. Citizens fear a tourist invasion and say that the landmark is being commercialized.". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61039169.html?dids=61039169:61039169&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+06,+1992&author=DEBORAH+SCHOCH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Hollywood+Residents+Can't+Shroud+Anger+Promotion:+Paramount+Pictures+def. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
- ^ "Cartoon Character Opens Landmark Rift". Associated Press. San Jose Mercury News. July 7, 1992. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB719DF2E0AA62A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GoogleP. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
- ^ Chazanov, Mathis (July 7, 1992). "'D' as in Disagreement Cartoon Character Atop Landmark Sign Sets Off Protests". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61039484.html?dids=61039484:61039484&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+07,+1992&author=MATHIS+CHAZANOV&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=`D'+as+in+Disagreement+Cartoon+Character+Atop+Landmark+Sign+Sets+Off+Pr. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
- ^ Glas Javnosti: Holivud na Rudniku
- ^ Tamara Race (May 23, 2008). "Iconic Hollywood Sign Comes East". The Patriot Ledger. http://www.patriotledger.com/news/x1880507947/Iconic-Hollywood-sign-comes-east. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ Lashley, Brian (August 14, 2009). "Hollinwood sign mystery solved". Manchester Evening News (Manchester, England). http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1131796_hollinwood_sign_mystery_solved. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "Wellingtonians rejoice at Wellywood U-turn". ONE News. tvnz.co.nz. June 01, 2011. http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/wellingtonians-rejoice-wellywood-u-turn-4202654.
- ^ The Guardian (Wednesday 17, 2010). "Upset racecourse officials with Hollywood-style sign stunt". London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/mar/17/paddy-power-sign-cheltenham-festival.
- ^ Fundación para la Cultura Urbana (2010). "Valla de Caurimare, Protección de Espacios Urbanos". http://fundamemoria.blogspot.com/2008/04/municipio-baruta-parroquia-el-cafetal-6.html.
- ^ Sue Cummings (May 1986). "Dollywood: The Wait is Over". Spin magazine. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELfnhp4T-T4C&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=%22hollywood+sign%22+dolly&source=bl&ots=gmHwJ7Iopa&sig=XSilZXyNQAzSit2aVKwUk8AnS7s&hl=en&ei=pdVGTqTcFMbJgQfS-p3SBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22hollywood%20sign%22%20dolly&f=false. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Licensing Inquiries". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. http://www.hollywoodchamber.net/index.php?page=17.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319262/synopsis
- ^ at 0:13. Youtube.com (December 29, 2009). Retrieved on July 13, 2011.
- ^ The Runaways : Cinemalogue :: Entertainment Reviews, News and Interviews. Cinemalogue (March 19, 2010). Retrieved on July 13, 2011.
External links
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Districts and
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Points of
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Downtown · Eastside/Northeast · Harbor Area · Greater Hollywood · Westlake/Silver Lake/Los Feliz · San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys · South Los Angeles · Westside · Wilshire
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